The schematic structure of the tandem solar cell stack in 3D. Credit: Eike Koehnen/HZBThe current world record tandem solar cell provided stable performance for 300 hours – even without encapsulation.An HZB team has published a report in the journal Science on the development of its current world record of 29.15% efficiency for a tandem solar cell made of perovskite and silicon. The tandem cell provided stable performance for 300 hours – even without encapsulation. To accomplish this, the group headed by Prof. Steve Albrecht investigated physical processes at the interfaces to improve the transport of the charge carriers.Solar cells consisting of two semiconductors with differing band gaps can achieve considerably higher efficiencies when used in tandem compared to the individual cells on their own. This is because tandem cells use the solar spectrum more efficiently. In particular, conventional silicon solar cells primarily convert the infrared components of light efficiently into electrical energy, while certain perovskite compounds can effectively utilize the visible components of sunlight, making this a powerful combination.New record 29.15%In the beginning of 2020, a team headed by Prof. Steve Albrecht at the HZB broke the previous world record for tandem solar cells made of perovskite and silicon (28.0%, Oxford PV), setting a new world record of 29.15%. Compared to the highest certified and scientifically published efficiency (26.2% in DOI: 10,1126/science.aba3433), this is a giant step forward. The new value has been certified at Fraunhofer ISE and listed in the NREL chart. Now, the results have been published in the journal Science with a detailed explanation of the fabrication process and underlying physics.Consistent performance over 300 hours“29.15% efficiency is not only the record for this technology but is at the very top of the entire Emerging PV category in the NREL chart,” says Eike Köhnen, PhD student on Albrecht’s team and shared first author of the study. In addition, the new perovskite/silicon tandem cell is characterized by consistent performance during more than 300 hours under continuous exposure to air and simulated sunlight without being protected by encapsulation. The team utilized a complex perovskite composition with a 1.68 eV band gap and focussed on optimizing the substrate interface.Useful: Self assembled MonolayerWith partners from Lithuania (the group of Prof. Vytautas Getautis) they developed an intermediate layer of organic molecules that arrange themselves autonomously into a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). It consisted of a novel carbazole-based molecule with methyl group substitution (Me-4PACz). This SAM was applied to the electrode and facilitated the flow of the electrical charge carriers. “We first prepared the perfect bed, so to speak, on which the perovskite lays on,” says Amran Al-Ashouri, who is also a member of Albrecht’s team and shared first author of the study.Fill factor optimizedThe researchers then used a range of complementary investigation methods to analyze the different processes at the interfaces between perovskite, SAM, and the electrode: “In particular, we optimized what is called the fill factor, which is influenced by how many charge carriers are lost on their way out of the perovskite top cell,” explains Al-Ashouri. While the electrons flow off in the direction of sunlight through the C60 layer, the “holes” move in the opposite direction through the SAM layer into the electrode. “However, we observed that the extraction of holes is much slower than electron extraction, which limited the fill factor,” says Al-Ashouri. However, the new SAM layer considerably accelerated the hole transport and thus simultaneously contributes to improved stability of the perovskite layer.Combination of methodsThrough a combination of photoluminescence spectroscopy, modeling, electrical characterization, and terahertz conductivity measurements, it was possible to distinguish the various processes at the interface of the perovskite material and to determine the origin of significant losses.Cooperations as key to successMany partners were involved in the project, including Kaunas University of Technology/Lithuania, University of Potsdam, University of Ljubljana/Slovenia, University of Sheffield/UK, as well as the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), HTW Berlin, and the Technische Universität Berlin, where Albrecht holds a junior professorship. The work on the individual perovskite and silicon cells took place in the HZB labs HySPRINT and PVcomB, respectively. “Each partner brought their own special expertise to the project, so we were able to achieve this breakthrough together,” says Albrecht. The maximum possible efficiency is already within reach: the researchers analyzed the two cells individually and calculated a maximum possible efficiency of 32.4% for this design. “We can certainly achieve over 30%,” says Albrecht.Reference: “Monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell with >29% efficiency by enhanced hole extraction” by Amran Al-Ashouri, Eike Köhnen, Bor Li, Artiom Magomedov, Hannes Hempel, Pietro Caprioglio, José A. Márquez, Anna Belen Morales Vilches, Ernestas Kasparavicius, Joel A. Smith, Nga Phung, Dorothee Menzel, Max Grischek, Lukas Kegelmann, Dieter Skroblin, Christian Gollwitzer, Tadas Malinauskas, Marko Jošt, Gašper Matic, Bernd Rech, Rutger Schlatmann, Marko Topic, Lars Korte, Antonio Abate, Bernd Stannowski, Dieter Neher, Martin Stolterfoht, Thomas Unold, Vytautas Getautis and Steve Albrecht, 11 December 2020, Science.DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4016