IN recent years, the landscape of global and regional supply chains is constantly evolving and transforming, necessitating businesses and industries to strengthen their immune systems (supply chains) to mitigate the risks of multiple challenges and threats amid opportunities.

From the Covid-19 pandemic-inflicted severe disruptions to geopolitical fragmentation, rising political pressures to deglobalise, economic uncertainty, the rise of digital technologies, the growing emphasis on sustainability, and unprecedented trade turbulence due to the Trump’s Liberation Day tariffs, they highlighted the vulnerabilities inherent in a complex and interconnected global supply chains.