SINGAPORE - Animal vaccines have for centuries been used in farms to prevent diseases from spreading among livestock, but this tool is increasingly being used for another purpose: to safeguard endangered species from succumbing to infectious diseases.

T his comes as climate change and globalisation accelerates the spread of pathogens around the world, with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) detected even among the penguins and seabirds on the uninhabited Antarctic region.